A Look at Nanoparticles

16/05/2024

Nanoparticles, the minuscule marvels of modern science, are making a big impact across various industries. But what exactly are nanoparticles? They are materials with at least one dimension ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers in length. To put it into perspective, a nanoparticle is about 100 times smaller than an average cell in your body. From simple molecules like glucose to nanomaterials within the 1 to 100 nanometer range, nanoparticles encompass a vast array of materials.

What Are Some Applications of Nanoparticles?

Nanoparticles boast unique properties compared to their macro or micro-scale counterparts. Their massive surface area makes them highly reactive, leading to advancements in:

Catalytic Converters: Reducing car emissions by increasing reaction efficiency.
Drug Delivery: Targeting specific tissues for less invasive and more effective treatments e.g., cancer treatments. Functionalised nanoparticles allow drugs to be delivered directly to affected tissues, minimising side effects and reducing costs.
Optical Technologies: Creating vibrant colours and enhancing light manipulation. These unique properties find applications in technologies like surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Super Strong Materials: Carbon nanotubes, among the most famous nanomaterials, boast exceptional strength due to their high aspect ratio and strong covalent bonds. They outperform other materials by a significant margin, making them invaluable in various industries.

Nanoparticles is about 100 times smaller than an average cell in your body

Classifications of Nanoparticles

Due to variations in morphology, size, and chemical properties, nanoparticles (NPs) can be classified into distinct categories. Here’s a look at some prominent classes based on these physical and chemical characteristics:

Carbon-based NPs

Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are major classes.
Fullerenes are globular hollow cages made of carbon.
CNTs are elongated, tubular structures.
CNTs can be metallic or semiconducting.
Applications include electrical conductivity, strength, and versatility.

Metal NPs

Made purely of metal precursors.
Possess unique optoelectrical properties due to localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR).
Gold NPs are used for SEM sampling enhancement.
Applications include advanced optical properties and electronic stream enhancement.

Ceramics NPs

Inorganic nonmetallic solids synthesised via heat and cooling.
Available in various forms: amorphous, polycrystalline, dense, porous, or hollow.
Applications include catalysis, photocatalysis, and imaging.

Semiconductor NPs

Possess properties between metals and nonmetals.
Significant alteration in properties with bandgap tuning.
Applications include photocatalysis, photo optics, and electronic devices.

Polymeric NPs

Organic-based NPs, also known as polymer nanoparticles (PNPs).
Nanospheres or nano-capsular shaped.
Readily functionalized for various applications.

Lipid-based NPs

Contain lipid moieties, primarily spherical.
Solid core made of lipid with a matrix containing soluble lipophilic molecules.
Applications include drug carriers, RNA release in cancer therapy, and biomedical applications.

What Are Some Concerns in Using Nanoparticles?

Health Risks: Nanoparticles can enter cells, potentially causing respiratory problems, heart disease, increased risk of heart disease, neurotoxicity, and skin irritation. Their small size and increased reactivity contribute to higher toxicity compared to larger counterparts, raising concerns about long-term exposure and accumulation in the body.
Environmental Impact: Difficulty filtering them out can lead to unforeseen ecological consequences. Toxicity varies based on factors like composition, solubility, shape, and size, making it challenging to establish precise safety requirements. Nanoparticles can also bypass traditional filters and pose risks of dust explosions, emphasising the need for careful handling and risk management.

The Case of Titanium Dioxide

One common nanoparticle, titanium dioxide, finds widespread use in technologies like lithium-ion batteries, chemical sensing, cosmetics, and sunscreens. Despite extensive study, the effects of exposure and safe exposure limits remain unclear, highlighting the complexities of nanoparticle toxicology.

Safety First:

Given the potential risks, responsible handling is crucial. Here are some best practices:

Engineering Controls: Utilise ventilated fume hoods and HEPA filters.
Administrative Measures: Train workers on safe handling procedures.
Personal Protective Equipment: Wear respirators, gloves, and proper clothing.

Nanoparticles offer immense potential, but with caution. By acknowledging the risks and adopting responsible practices, we can harness the power of these tiny titans for a brighter future.

How Chemwatch can help?

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