Everyday Chemicals You Don’t Know Are Harmful: Rust

23/11/2023

An everyday sight on everything from metal surfaces and furnishings to home plumbing systems, rust (iron oxide) commonly appears as reddish-brown flakes that form in the oxidisation process. It may seem harmless or even inconsequential, but rust is not as benign as it appears. Untreated rust can have significant consequences, both in terms of property damage and potential health risks. Here we further explore the often overlooked effects of rust—read on to learn more.

Rust is scientifically known as Iron Oxide, and is the naturally occurring chemical product of iron and steel coming into contact with oxygen and moisture

Chemical Composition of Rust

Rust is scientifically known as Iron Oxide, and is the naturally occurring chemical product of iron and steel coming into contact with oxygen and moisture. As the metal surface oxidises, a reddish-brown coating develops, and this coating is referred to as rust. While outdoor conditions may seem more conducive to the oxidisation process, rust can also occur in indoor environments, often hiding in plain sight. All that’s required to produce rust is oxygen in the presence of moisture.

Harmful Effects

Interestingly, rust is not just dangerous for human health but is also responsible for damage to structures as well. Let’s take a look at its harmful effects:

Property Damage

  • Structural Damage: Whenever rust infiltrates the internal structure of any building or infrastructure, it weakens the metal, further leading to the weakening of the metal strength and structural failures. This is a common concern for buildings or structures that have water leaks or unaddressed moisture buildup.
  • Appliance Degradation:  Most household appliances like dishwashers, washing machines, water heaters etc. are made using metal components and are prone to rust-related deterioration over time. Once they come in contact with moisture, the efficiency of these appliances reduces, leading to costly repairs or even replacements.
  • Plumbing Woes: Rust in pipes is a very common issue, reducing water quality and flow, and often requiring costly plumbing repairs. Rusting of water pipes not only does harm to the plumbing system but also to the health of the consumer once the rust has leached into the water.

Prevention and Mitigation

  1. Galvanising: Galvanising serves as a rust-prevention technique achieved through either hot-dip galvanising or electroplating. In this process, an iron or steel object is enveloped in a thin layer of zinc. This layer acts as a barrier, preventing oxygen and water from reaching the metal beneath. Additionally, zinc functions as a sacrificial metal since it is more reactive than iron, oxidising preferentially to protect the iron object.
  2. Using Corten or Weathering Steel: Weathering steel, commonly referred to as "COR-TEN" steel, incorporates alloying elements such as chromium, copper, nickel, and phosphorous, constituting up to 21% of its composition. These alloys facilitate the formation of a protective rust patina that diminishes the corrosion rate over time. Notably, COR-TEN steel is often more cost-effective than stainless steel.
  3. Bluing: Bluing involves submerging steel components in a solution of potassium nitrate, water, and sodium hydroxide, providing a modest level of protection against rust for small steel items. The term "bluing" is derived from the characteristic blue-black appearance of the finish achieved through this process. This technique is commonly employed in the production of firearms to impart a degree of corrosion resistance. Additionally, it finds application in the creation of fine clocks and other metalwork.
  4. Regular Inspections: Routine inspections of structures, appliances, and plumbing can help identify and address rust-related issues early, preventing significant damage and health risks.
  5. Rust Inhibitors: Various rust inhibitors and coatings are available to protect metal surfaces from rusting. These products create a barrier between the metal and the environment, hindering the oxidisation process.
  6. Tetanus Vaccination: Keeping up to date with tetanus vaccinations is essential for anyone who may be at risk of puncture wounds from rusty objects, as this can help prevent tetanus infection.

A seemingly innocuous substance we encounter in our daily lives, rust is not as benign as it appears. Its ability to cause property damage, contaminate water, and pose health risks makes it a more significant concern than many might realise. Regular maintenance, inspection, and rust prevention measures are essential in safeguarding both our property and our well-being. By staying informed about the hidden dangers of rust and taking proactive steps to address them, we can ensure a safer and healthier living environment.

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